{"id":34,"date":"2024-08-13T11:52:58","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T03:52:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/8.134.236.44\/wordpress\/?p=34"},"modified":"2024-08-13T11:52:58","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T03:52:58","slug":"python-%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e5%ba%93","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34","title":{"rendered":"Python \u6807\u51c6\u5e93"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_re_%E4%B8%8E%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F\" title=\"1. re \u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\">1. re \u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95\" title=\"(1) \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\">(1) \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_re_%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97\" title=\"(2) re \u6a21\u5757\">(2) re \u6a21\u5757<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0\" title=\"1) \u5339\u914d\u8bed\u53e5\u53ca\u53c2\u6570\">1) \u5339\u914d\u8bed\u53e5\u53ca\u53c2\u6570<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" title=\"2) \u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570\">2) \u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_os_%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\" title=\"2. os \u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u64cd\u4f5c\">2. os \u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u64cd\u4f5c<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BA%A7%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4\" title=\"(1) \u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u547d\u4ee4\">(1) \u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u547d\u4ee4<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\" title=\"(2) \u8def\u5f84\u64cd\u4f5c\">(2) \u8def\u5f84\u64cd\u4f5c<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#3_%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\" title=\"(3) \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\">(3) \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#3_time_%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\" title=\"3. time \u65f6\u95f4\u64cd\u4f5c\">3. time \u65f6\u95f4\u64cd\u4f5c<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E5%BD%93%E5%89%8D%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4\" title=\"(1) \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\">(1) \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2\" title=\"(2) \u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\">(2) \u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#4_random_%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90\" title=\"4. random \u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\">4. random \u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#5_itertools_%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1\" title=\"5. itertools \u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\">5. itertools \u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8\" title=\"(1) \u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\">(1) \u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8\" title=\"(2) \u5904\u7406\u8f93\u5165\u5e8f\u5217\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\">(2) \u5904\u7406\u8f93\u5165\u5e8f\u5217\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#3_%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8\" title=\"(3) \u7ec4\u5408\u751f\u6210\u5668\">(3) \u7ec4\u5408\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#6_collections_%E5%86%85%E7%BD%AE%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96\" title=\"6. collections \u5185\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5f3a\u5316\">6. collections \u5185\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5f3a\u5316<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_namedtuple_%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%85%83%E7%BB%84\" title=\"(1) namedtuple \u6269\u5c55\u5143\u7ec4\">(1) namedtuple \u6269\u5c55\u5143\u7ec4<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_deque_%E5%8F%8C%E7%AB%AF%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97\" title=\"(2) deque \u53cc\u7aef\u961f\u5217\">(2) deque \u53cc\u7aef\u961f\u5217<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#3_defaultdict_%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E9%94%AE%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8\" title=\"(3) defaultdict \u5168\u5c40\u9ed8\u8ba4\u952e\u5b57\u5178\">(3) defaultdict \u5168\u5c40\u9ed8\u8ba4\u952e\u5b57\u5178<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#4_OrderedDict_%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8\" title=\"(4) OrderedDict \u6709\u5e8f\u5b57\u5178\">(4) OrderedDict \u6709\u5e8f\u5b57\u5178<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#5_Counter_%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%99%A8\" title=\"(5) Counter \u8ba1\u6570\u5668\">(5) Counter \u8ba1\u6570\u5668<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#7_functools_%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" title=\"7. functools \u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\">7. functools \u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#1_reduce_%E5%BD%92%E5%B9%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" title=\"(1) reduce \u5f52\u5e76\u51fd\u6570\">(1) reduce \u5f52\u5e76\u51fd\u6570<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#2_partial_%E5%81%8F%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" title=\"(2) partial \u504f\u51fd\u6570\">(2) partial \u504f\u51fd\u6570<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#8_json_%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%BA%93\" title=\"8. json \u89e3\u6790\u5e93\">8. json \u89e3\u6790\u5e93<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/?p=34\/#9_hashlib_%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86\" title=\"9. hashlib \u54c8\u5e0c\u52a0\u5bc6\">9. hashlib \u54c8\u5e0c\u52a0\u5bc6<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_re_%E4%B8%8E%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F\"><\/span>1. re \u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95\"><\/span>(1) \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_re_%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97\"><\/span>(2) re \u6a21\u5757<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>1) \u5339\u914d\u8bed\u53e5\u53ca\u53c2\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>pattern \u8868\u793a\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f, string \u8868\u793a\u76ee\u6807\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32, modulFunction \u8868\u793a re \u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import re<br># \u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8c61\u5339\u914d<br>Pattern = re.compile(pattern, flags = None)     # \u6b64\u5904\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a r \u6216 R<br>Pattern.moduleFunction(string)<br>\u200b<br># \u76f4\u63a5\u5339\u914d<br>re.moduleFunction(pattern, string, flags = None)    # \u58f0\u660e\u5339\u914d\u6a21\u5f0f <br>\u200b<br># \u5173\u4e8e flags \u7684\u8bf4\u660e: <br>flags = re.I    # \u5ffd\u7565\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5c0f\u5199<br>flags = re.M    # \u591a\u884c\u5339\u914d\u6a21\u5f0f<br>flags = re.S    # \u5f3a\u5316\u5143\u5b57\u7b26 \".\" , \u4f7f\u4e4b\u80fd\u5339\u914d\u6362\u884c\u7b26<br>flags = re.X    # \u5ffd\u7565\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u683c, \u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 # \u8fdb\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>2) \u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import re<br>\u200b<br>re.search(pattern, string)  # [\u61d2\u60f0\u5339\u914d] \u82e5\u5339\u914d\u6210\u529f, \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a match \u5bf9\u8c61, \u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de None<br>re.findall(pattern, string) # [\u8d2a\u5a6a\u5339\u914d] \u82e5\u5339\u914d\u6210\u529f, \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a list \u5217\u8868, \u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de\u7a7a\u5217\u8868 []<br>re.split(pattern, string, maxsplit = None)# \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 split \u7684\u6269\u5c55, \u6309\u7167 pattern \u89c4\u5219\u5206\u9694, \u6700\u591a\u5206\u9694 maxsplit \u6b21<br>re.sub(pattern, repl, string)   # \u5c06 pattern \u5339\u914d\u5230\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u66ff\u6362\u6210 repl<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6848\u4f8b<\/strong>: \u5012\u6570\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u8282<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u5355\u4f4d\u5206\u6570\u6307\u5206\u5b50\u4e3a1\u7684\u5206\u6570. \u5206\u6bcd\u4e3a2\u81f310\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u5206\u6570\u7684\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/2= 0.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/3= 0.(3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/4= 0.25<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/5= 0.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/6= 0.1(6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/7= 0.(142857)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/8= 0.125<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/9= 0.(1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/10= 0.1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc0.1(6)\u8868\u793a0.166666\u2026, \u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u8868\u793a\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u5faa\u73af\u8282. \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa, 1\/7\u6709\u516d\u4f4d\u5faa\u73af\u8282.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u627e\u51fa\u6b63\u6574\u6570d &lt; 1000, \u5176\u5012\u6570\u7684\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u6709\u6700\u957f\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u8282.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">'''\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5339\u914d'''<br>import re<br>\u200b<br>result = (0, 1)<br>for i in range(2, 1000):<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;ILen = len(re.findall(r'^\\d*?(\\d+?)\\1\\d*?$', str(10 ** 5000 \/\/ i))[0])<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;result = (ILen, i) if ILen &gt; result[0] else result<br>\u200b<br>print(result[1])<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_os_%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\"><\/span>2. os \u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u64cd\u4f5c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>os \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import os<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BA%A7%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4\"><\/span>(1) \u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u547d\u4ee4<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">os.name                     # \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u540d\u5b57, windows\u8fd4\u56dent, linux\u8fd4\u56deposix<br>os.system('\u547d\u4ee4')          &nbsp; # \u8c03\u7528 cmd \u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4, \u8fd4\u56de\u72b6\u6001\u7801, print \u7ed3\u679c(\u6709\u7f16\u7801\u95ee\u9898, \u4e00\u822c\u7528 popen)<br>os.popen('ipconfig').read() # \u521b\u5efa\u7ba1\u9053, \u8c03\u7528 fock() \u751f\u6210\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b, \u6267\u884c shell \u547d\u4ee4, \u4f7f\u7528 read \u6355\u83b7\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u672c<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\"><\/span>(2) \u8def\u5f84\u64cd\u4f5c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">os.getcwd()                 # \u8fd4\u56de\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55<br>os.chdir(path)              # \u6539\u53d8\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e3a path, \u4e00\u822c\u8fd0\u884c\u67d0\u4e2apy\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6, \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5207\u6362\u81f3\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5728\u8def\u5f84<br>os.listdir(path=\u2019.\u2019)        # \u5217\u4e3e\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d(\u2018.\u2019\u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55, \u2019..\u2019\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55), \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5217\u4e3e\u5f53\u524dpy\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u5728\u8def\u5f84<br>\u200b<br>os.path.basename(path)      # \u53bb\u6389\u76ee\u5f55\u8def\u5f84, \u5355\u72ec\u8fd4\u56de\u6587\u4ef6\u540d<br>os.path.dirname(path)       # \u53bb\u6389\u6587\u4ef6\u540d, \u5355\u72ec\u8fd4\u56de\u76ee\u5f55\u8def\u5f84<br>\u200b<br>os.path.exists(path)        # \u5224\u65ad\u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u5f84(\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u6587\u4ef6)\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728 <br>os.path.isabs(path)         # \u5224\u65ad\u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84 <br>os.path.isdir(path)         # \u5224\u65ad\u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55<br>os.path.isfile(path)        # \u5224\u65ad\u6307\u5b9a\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<br>\u200b<br>os.path.split(path)         # \u5206\u5272\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u548c\u8def\u5f84, \u8fd4\u56de(f_path,f_name)\u5143\u7ec4<br>os.path.splitext(path)      # \u5206\u79bb\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e0e\u6269\u5c55\u540d, \u8fd4\u56de(f_name,f_extension)\u5143\u7ec4<br>os.path.join(path1,path2)   # \u5c06 path1,path2 \u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84\u540d<br>\u200b<br>os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(\"~\"), 'Desktop')    # \u684c\u9762\u8def\u5f84<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\"><\/span>(3) \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">os.mkdir(path)          # \u521b\u5efa\u5355\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55, \u5982\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<br>os.makedirs(path)       # \u9012\u5f52\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55, \u5982\u679c\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<br>os.rmdir(path)          # \u5220\u9664\u5355\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55, \u5982\u6539\u76ee\u5f55\u975e\u7a7a\u5219\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<br>os.removedirs(path)     # \u9012\u5f52\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55, \u4ece\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\u5230\u7236\u76ee\u5f55\u9010\u5c42\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5220\u9664, \u9047\u5230\u76ee\u5f55\u975e\u7a7a\u5219\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38. <br>\u200b<br>os.path.getsize(file)   # \u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8, \u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u5b57\u8282<br>os.path.getatime(file)  # \u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4(\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b\u79d2\u6570, \u53ef\u7528time\u6a21\u5757\u7684gmtime()\u6216localtime()\u51fd\u6570\u6362\u7b97)<br>os.path.getctime(file)  # \u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u95f4(\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b\u79d2\u6570, \u53ef\u7528time\u6a21\u5757\u7684gmtime()\u6216localtime()\u51fd\u6570\u6362\u7b97)<br>os.path.getmtime(file)  # \u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4(\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b\u79d2\u6570, \u53ef\u7528time\u6a21\u5757\u7684gmtime()\u6216localtime()\u51fd\u6570\u6362\u7b97)\u8fd4\u56deTrue\u6216False\u7684\u51fd\u6570<br>\u200b<br>os.rename(old,new)      # \u5c06\u6587\u4ef6old \u91cd\u547d\u540d\u4e3anew, \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u6761\u547d\u4ee4<br>os.remove(path)         # \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6848\u4f8b<\/strong>: \u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709 Python \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">[filename for filename in os.listdir() if filename.endswith(('.py', '.pyw'))]<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_time_%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C\"><\/span>3. time \u65f6\u95f4\u64cd\u4f5c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>time \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u53ca\u672c\u5730\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65f6\u95f4\u5904\u7406\u529f\u80fd. \u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u793a\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8868\u793a\u6cd5: \u4ee5\u6574\u578b\u6216\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b\u8868\u793a, \u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u79d2\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u503c\u662f\u4ece 1970 \u5e74 1 \u6708 1 \u65e5\u96f6\u70b9\u7b97\u8d77<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5143\u7ec4\u683c\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u6cd5: \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u7d22\u5f15<\/th><th>\u5c5e\u6027<\/th><th>\u503c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>0<\/td><td>tm_year\uff08\u5e74\uff09<\/td><td>4\u4f4d\u6b63\u6574\u6570<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>tm_mon\uff08\u6708\uff09<\/td><td>1-12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>tm_mday\uff08\u65e5\uff09<\/td><td>1-31<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>tm_hour\uff08\u65f6\uff09<\/td><td>0-23<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>tm_min\uff08\u5206\uff09<\/td><td>0-59<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>tm_sec\uff08\u79d2\uff09<\/td><td>0-61<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>tm_wday\uff08weekday\uff09<\/td><td>0-6 (0\u8868\u793a\u5468\u65e5)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>tm_yday\uff08\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u51e0\u5929\uff09<\/td><td>1-366<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td>tm_isdst\uff08\u662f\u5426\u662f\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\uff09<\/td><td>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a -1 (\u81ea\u52a8\u5224\u65ad) 0 \u8868\u793a\u6b63\u5e38\u683c\u5f0f 1 \u8868\u793a\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u683c\u5f0f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import time<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E5%BD%93%E5%89%8D%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4\"><\/span>(1) \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">time.time()                         # \u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u6233<br>time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')  # \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u6233, \u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u683c\u5f0f\u5316<br>time.localtime()                    # \u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61<br>\u200b<br>time.sleep(time)                    # \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f11\u7720<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2\"><\/span>(2) \u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">time.strptime('2018-8-8','%Y-%m-%d')    # \u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u65f6\u95f4\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4, \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528%H%M%S\u7ee7\u7eed\u5339\u914d<br>time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.strptime('2018-8-8','%Y-%m-%d'))# \u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f<br>time.strftime(\"%X\", time.localtime())   # '13:42:25'<br>\u200b<br>time.mktime(time.strptime('2018-8-8','%Y-%m-%d'))   # \u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u6233<br>time.gmtime(0)                          # \u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_random_%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90\"><\/span>4. random \u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>random \u662f Python \u5185\u5efa\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u53ca\u968f\u673a\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u5757. \u5728 numpy \u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 array\u3001matrix \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u968f\u673a\u65b9\u6cd5. random \u6a21\u5757\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u95f4\u90fd\u662f\u5de6\u53f3\u95ed\u7684.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import random<br>\u200b<br>random.random()          &nbsp; &nbsp;# \u751f\u6210 [0, 1] \u7684\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570<br>random.uniform(a,b)         # \u751f\u6210 [a, b] \u6216 [b, a] \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570, \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5927\u5c0f\u5173\u7cfb<br>random.randint(a,b)         # \u751f\u6210 [a, b] \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6574\u6570<br>random.randrange(start, stop, step) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# \u751f\u6210 range(start, stop, step) \u7684\u6574\u6570, \u6b64\u5904\u662f\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00<br>\u200b<br>random.choice(iterable)     # \u4ece\u6240\u7ed9 iterable \u4e2d\u968f\u673a\u62bd\u53d61\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<br>random.sample(iterable, k)  # \u4ece\u6240\u7ed9 iterable \u4e2d\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u5730\u968f\u673a\u62bd\u53d6k\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20, \u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868<br>\u200b<br>random.shuffle(iterable)    # \u6253\u4e71 iterable \u7684\u987a\u5e8f, \u8fd9\u662f\u539f\u4f4d\u6539\u53d8, \u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c, \u8981\u505a\u597d\u6570\u636e\u5907\u4efd! <\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_itertools_%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1\"><\/span>5. itertools \u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>itertools \u662f Python \u5185\u5efa\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\u5904\u7406\u6a21\u5757, \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8fed\u4ee3\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u7ec4\u5408\u6570\u3001\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8\"><\/span>(1) \u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u751f\u6210\u5668, \u4e0d\u4f1a\u9884\u5148\u751f\u6210\u5360\u7528\u5185\u5b58, \u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u90fd\u662f\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u9a6c\u4e0a\u9500\u6bc1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import itertools<br>\u200b<br>natuals = itertools.count(start=0, step=1)      # \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece start \u5f00\u59cb, \u6b65\u6570\u4e3a step \u7684\u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<br>itertools.cycle(iterable)                   # \u5faa\u73af\u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<br>itertools.repeat(value, times=float('inf')) &nbsp;# \u91cd\u590d time \u6b21, \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u7a77\u6b21, \u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e [value] * times, \u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8\"><\/span>(2) \u5904\u7406\u8f93\u5165\u5e8f\u5217\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">itertools.starmap(func, seq)                # \u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u7a77\u5e8f\u5217\u7684 map \u65b9\u6cd5<br>itertools.zip_longest(iterable1, iterable2, iterable3, ...) # \u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u7a77\u5e8f\u5217\u7684 zip \u65b9\u6cd5<br>itertools.compress(iterable, selectors)     # \u9009\u62e9\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668, \u4e0efilter\u7c7b\u4f3c, \u4f46\u6b64\u5904\u7684selectors\u4e0d\u662f\u51fd\u6570, \u800c\u662f\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c. <br>                                            # True,False \u7b49, \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8bed\u53e5, \u5982 [] \u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a False<br>itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x &lt;= 10, natuals)     # \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u903b\u8f91\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668, \u6ee1\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6\u624d\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fed\u4ee3, natuals\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00<br>itertools.chain(iterable1, iterable2, iterable3, ...)   # \u4e32\u8054\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668, \u904d\u5386\u5b8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u7eed\u904d\u5386\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a...<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8\"><\/span>(3) \u7ec4\u5408\u751f\u6210\u5668<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">itertools.product(iterable1, iterable2, iterable3,...)  # \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u79ef<br>itertools.product(iterable, repeat)                     # repeat \u4e2a iterable \u7684\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u79ef<br>itertools.permutations(iterable, r=len(iterable))       # iterable \u4e2d r \u4e2a\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u7ec4\u5408, \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5168\u957f\u5ea6<br>itertools.combinations(iterable, r)                     # iterable \u4e2d r \u4e2a\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u7ec4\u5408<br>itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)    # iterable \u4e2d r \u4e2a\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u7ec4\u5408<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_collections_%E5%86%85%E7%BD%AE%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96\"><\/span>6. collections \u5185\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5f3a\u5316<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>collections \u662f Python \u5185\u5efa\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u6a21\u5757, \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u96c6\u6210\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u64cd\u4f5c, \u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u529f\u80fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_namedtuple_%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%85%83%E7%BB%84\"><\/span>(1) namedtuple \u6269\u5c55\u5143\u7ec4<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><code>namedtuple<\/code> \u878d\u5408\u4e86\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u8868\u793a\u65b9\u6cd5(\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u6807\u8868\u793a)\u53ca\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027, \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u4fbf. \u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f tuple \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from collections import namedtuple<br>Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])<br>p = Point(1, 2)<br>\u200b<br># \u8be5\u4ee3\u7801\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a namedtuple \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5e76\u547d\u540d\u4e3a Point. \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e3a 2, \u6309\u5e8f\u547d\u540d\u4e3a x, y \u70b9\u5bf9, \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0b\u6807\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u5f15\u7528<br>p.x == p[0]<br>p.y == p[1]<br>isinstance(p, tuple)    # \u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u786e\u5b9e\u662f tuple \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b, \u5143\u7d20\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fee\u6539<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_deque_%E5%8F%8C%E7%AB%AF%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97\"><\/span>(2) deque \u53cc\u7aef\u961f\u5217<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>list<\/code> \u5b58\u50a8\u6570\u636e\u65f6, \u6309\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbf\u95ee\u5143\u7d20\u5f88\u5feb, \u4f46\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u548c\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u8f83\u6162, \u56e0\u4e3a <code>list<\/code> \u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u50a8\u5b58, \u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5927\u65f6, \u63d2\u5165\u548c\u5220\u9664\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6548\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>deque<\/code> \u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9ad8\u6548\u5b9e\u73b0\u63d2\u5165\u548c\u5220\u9664\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u5217\u8868, \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u961f\u5217\u548c\u6808:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from collections import deque<br>q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><code>deque<\/code> \u517c\u5bb9 list \u5217\u8868\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c, \u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">q.appendleft(value)     # \u5de6\u4fa7\u8ffd\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<br>q.extendleft(list1)     # \u5de6\u4fa7\u6269\u5c55\u5e8f\u5217<br>q.popleft()             # \u5de6\u4fa7\u5f39\u51fa\u5143\u7d20<br>\u200b<br>q.rotate(index)         # \u5faa\u73af\u79fb\u4f4d, + \u4e3a\u53f3\u79fb\u4f4d, - \u4e3a\u5de6\u79fb\u4f4d<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_defaultdict_%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E9%94%AE%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8\"><\/span>(3) defaultdict \u5168\u5c40\u9ed8\u8ba4\u952e\u5b57\u5178<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d, \u82e5\u5f15\u7528\u7684 key \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728, \u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38(\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>get<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u503c). <code>defaultdict<\/code> \u517c\u5bb9 dict \u5b57\u5178\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c, \u4f1a\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5168\u5c40\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c, \u82e5\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728, \u5219\u8fd4\u56de\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from collections import defaultdict<br>\u200b<br>a = defaultdict(lambda: 'N\/A')      # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c, \u8fd4\u56de 'N\/A'<br>\u200b<br>d.default_factory = lambda : \u2018A\/N\u2019  # \u4fee\u6539\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c, \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_OrderedDict_%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8\"><\/span>(4) OrderedDict \u6709\u5e8f\u5b57\u5178<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b57\u5178\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u952e\u503c, \u90fd\u662f\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684(\u96c6\u5408\u7279\u5f81), \u800c <code>OrderedDict<\/code> \u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u751f\u6210\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from collections import OrderedDict         # \u4fdd\u6301\u5b57\u5178\u5f55\u5165\u987a\u5e8f<br>favorite_languages = OrderedDict()<br>\u200b<br>favorite_languages['jen'] = 'python'<br>favorite_languages['sarah'] = 'c'<br>favorite_languages['edward'] = 'ruby'<br>favorite_languages['phil'] = 'python'<br>for (name, language) in favorite_languages.items():<br>    print(name.title() + \"'s favorite language is \" + language.title() + \".\")<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>popitem( last = True )<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u5f39\u51fa\u65f6, \u4e5f\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u987a\u5e8f\u5f39\u51fa(\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f39\u51fa\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a, \u82e5\u6539\u4e3a False \u5219\u4e3a\u5148\u5165\u5148\u51fa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Counter_%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%99%A8\"><\/span>(5) Counter \u8ba1\u6570\u5668<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><code>Counter<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u5668, \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u9891\u6570, \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from collections import Counter<br>\u200b<br>Counter(\u8ba1\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61)   # \u5982\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868, \u4f1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u9891\u6570<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_functools_%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>7. functools \u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_reduce_%E5%BD%92%E5%B9%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>(1) reduce \u5f52\u5e76\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4ece\u5de6\u81f3\u53f3\u4f9d\u6b21\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u9879, \u76f4\u5230\u5e8f\u5217\u5f52\u5e76\u4e3a\u5355\u4e2a\u503c(\u5206\u6cbb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>Input<\/code>: reduce(func, iterable)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>Output<\/code>: func(func(iterable[0], iterable[1]), iterable[2])\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u503c(\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u5219\u4e3a\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c), \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u8fed\u4ee3\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6848\u4f8b<\/strong>: \u5b9e\u73b0 sum \u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from functools import reduce<br>\u200b<br>def sum(iterable):<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;'''\u9636\u4e58'''<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;return 1 if n == 0 else reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, iterable)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6848\u4f8b<\/strong>: \u5b9e\u73b0\u9636\u4e58\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from functools import reduce<br>\u200b<br>def factorial(n):<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;'''\u9636\u4e58'''<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;return 1 if n == 0 else reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, range(1, n + 1))<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_partial_%E5%81%8F%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>(2) partial \u504f\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u504f\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u5305\u88c5\u51fd\u6570, \u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u4ee5\u7b80\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f(\u5982 int2, int8, int16 \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9 int \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 base)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u66f4\u6539\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u53c2\u6570, \u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u4e8e\u88c5\u9970\u5668, \u4f46\u8bed\u6cd5\u66f4\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">from functools import partial<br>    <br>int2 = partial(int,base = 2)    # \u5305\u88c5 int(base = 2), \u6b64\u540e\u8c03\u7528 int2 \u65f6\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6307\u5b9abase = 2, \u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u66f4\u6539\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<br>\u200b<br>int2('11110')<br>&gt;&gt;&gt; 30<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_json_%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%BA%93\"><\/span>8. json \u89e3\u6790\u5e93<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>JSON \u662f\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u683c\u5f0f, \u524d\u540e\u7aef\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u4e92, \u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f JSON \u548c Python \u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u4e92. JSON \u6570\u636e\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab Python \u8bc6\u522b, \u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 json \u6a21\u5757\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u7801<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u540d\u79f0\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7(\u5373: \")\u6765\u5305\u62ec<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u3001true\u3001 false\u3001 null\u3001 \u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import json<br>data = {'name': \"\u5f20\u67f3\u5f6c\", 'age': 20, 'grade': [100, 99, 98], 'school': ('\u6e56\u5357\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66', '\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66'), '\u56fd\u9632\u751f': None, 'boy': True, 'girl': False} # \u6784\u9020\u5b57\u5178<br>\u200b<br>json_data = json.dumps(data)    # \u5c06\u5b57\u5178\u8f6c\u4e3a json<br>python_data = json.loads(json_data) # \u5c06 json \u8f6c\u4e3a python \u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61<br>\u200b<br>with open(\"xxxx.json\", \"w+\") as f:<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;json.dump(json_data, f) # \u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>with open(\"xxxx.json\", \"r\") as f:<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;python_data = json.load(f)  # \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u5bfc\u5165<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_hashlib_%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86\"><\/span>9. hashlib \u54c8\u5e0c\u52a0\u5bc6<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">import hashlib<br>\u200b<br>password = \"123456\"<br>md5 = hashlib.new('md5', password.encode()) # md5 \u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b57\u8282\u52a0\u5bc6, \u8fd4\u56de\u54c8\u5e0c\u5bf9\u8c61<br>print(md5.hexdigest())  # \u83b7\u53d6\u52a0\u5bc6\u7ed3\u679c, \u8f6c\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<br>print(md5.digest()) # \u83b7\u53d6\u52a0\u5bc6\u7ed3\u679c, \u8f6c\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f<br>\u200b<br># md5 = hashlib.md5(password.encode())  # \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u5f0f\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. re \u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f (1) \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5 (2) re \u6a21\u5757 1) \u5339\u914d\u8bed\u53e5\u53ca\u53c2\u6570 pattern&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"views":1376,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=34"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35,"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=34"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rrt01.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}